Torymus sinensis and its close relatives in Europe: a multilocus phylogeny, detailed morphological analysis, and identification key

The introduction of the biological control agent Torymus sinensis Kamijo (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) to populations chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu Cynipidae) is considered one successful programs in control. species was involved interspecific hybridisation Japan and specimens imported into Europe were derived from this hybrid lineage, showing signs introgression. discovery mitochondrial haplotypes or possible Enolase T. beneficus with shorter ovipositor does not necessarily imply that present Europe, only European are origin. Of native associated D. , molecular morphometric results indicate notatus (Walker) as closest . two part same species-group ( cyaneus group), nested together multivariate ratio analysis genetically based on all three nuclear markers: (1.5% divergence), Wingless (2%) ITS2 (13%). However, marker COI rubi (Schrank) at 9.9% divergence. As such, most likely candidate for accidental if happen Europe. We provide an illustrated identification key important but lacking tool programs.